Flinn, H. C. Spiritualism Among the Shakers. Meacham and Wright oversaw the establishment of parallel and equal men's and women's orders. Sectarian Impulse. New Catholic Encyclopedia. The French Camisards originated in southern France during the 17th century. Shakers were arrested as troublemakers whose pacifism undermined the revolutionary cause. than other communities. At Pleasant Hill, Kentucky, for example, the Center Family Dwelling House contained forty rooms and took ten years to complete. Lee died in 1784. Dix funded better state hospitals for those with mental illness. The requirement of celibacy is based on the belief that sin arose from Adam and Eve's sexual behavior in the Garden of Eden, although they do not feel that non-Shakers who marry and have sexual relations are sinners. As late as 1900 there were more than one thousand Shakers, but by the beginning of the twenty-first century, only Sabbathday Lake, Maine, remained as an active community, with very few people living as Shakers there. Indeed, this was probably the most important aspect of life for the Shakers themselves. Retrieved February 24, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/shakers. ." The Shakers were a new religious movement founded by Ann Lee Stanley.The name "The Shakers" was based on their ecstatic dances that were a part of their worship. POLITICAL. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/shakers-0, "Shakers Richmond, Mary L. (1977). Retrieved February 24, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/shakers-0. This revitalization movement was part of the evangelical upsurge following the Second Great Awakening, a period of renewed religious revivals in the early nineteenth century. ." "Shakers 24 Feb. 2021 . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986. The Shakers were a new religious movement founded by Ann Lee Stanley.The name "The Shakers" was based on their ecstatic dances that were a part of their worship. In 1773 Ann Lee and some of her followers so disturbed the morning services in Christ Church that they were imprisoned; during this time she claimed visions regarding the manifestation of Christ, "the male principle." The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, more commonly known as the Shakers, are a millenarian nontrinitarian restorationist Christian sect founded circa 1747 in England and then organized in the United States in the 1780s. Racism and Nativism were theatrical performances by white actors in "Blackface," known as minstrel shows, which were a blend of racial caricature and social criticism. ." 24 Feb. 2021 . Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized this meeting, which issued a manifesto for women's equality that was based on the Declaration of Independence. It had its origin in England in 1747, when Jane and James Wardley became the first leaders of a Lancashire revivalist sect. Popular name of the members of the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, also called the Alethians, or the Millennial Church. In his 1794 book The Age of Reason, Thomas Paine advanced a religious philosophy called Deism that struck at the tenets of organized religions, particularly Calvinism as it was practiced by the Puritans. a religious group that established small utopian communities, ranging from Maine to Kentucky. Another popular historical overview is Marguerite Fellows Melcher's The Shaker Adventure (Princeton, N.J., 1941). Encyclopedia.com. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. These mobs were opposed African American rights and equality. Ann Lee, 22-year-old daughter of a Manchester blacksmith, joined this group of "shaking Quakers" in 1758 and through her strange visionary gifts became their leader. ." MICHAEL KENNEDY and JOYCE BOURNE "Shakers ." 24 Feb. 2021 . Evangelical Abolitionism was a moral crusade launched to abolish slavery. Amherst, Mass. The first (1774–1783) was characterized by Lee's messianic style and premillennial beliefs. The products of these endeavors were both used within the community and sold to outsiders. Walt Whitman was transcendentalist poet who was very inspired by Emerson. Encyclopedia.com. Transcendentalists were frequent visitors at Brook Farm. People usually live in communities, the excepti…, Shake Hands With the Devil: The Journey of Romeo Dallaire, Shakespeare, William 1564–1616 English Writer, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/shakers, https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/shakers, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/shakers, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/shakers, https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/shakers, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/shakers, https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/shakers, https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/shakers, https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/shakers, https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/shakers-0, Religious Communities: Religion, Community, and Society. Hopple, Lee C. (1989-90). The eventual decline of Shakerism owed partly to materialistic influences from outside and partly to the inevitable dwindling of a community that outlawed sexual activity. They primarily belong to The Anna White and Leila S. Taylor's Shakerism: Its Meaning and Message (Columbus, Ohio, 1904) presents a thorough and insightful history of the Shakers from the perspective of the late nineteenth century. ." Central authority rested with the two elders and two elderesses at the New Lebanon society, east of Albany in New York, with the head elder or elderess the official head. Retrieved February 24, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/shakers. Bloomerism was a belief in the 1850's that questioned cultural norms. Oneida Community: Definition. 1963). Definition The first permanent English colony in North America founded by the London Company on May 14, 1607. "Walt Whitman's Visit to the Shakers; With Whitman's Notebook Containing his Description and Observations of the Shaker Group at Mt. In 1774 a small cohort immigrated to New York and eventually clustered in the Hudson Valley, north of Albany, but they had not escaped repression. At their height in the 1850s, the Shakers had about four thousand members in over twenty separate colonies. Temperance was the virtue that moderated the attraction of pleasure and provides balance in the use of created goods. Ann Lee, religious leader who brought the Shaker sect from England to the American Colonies. An opposing faction feared that material success would lure "lukewarm" converts and undermine the pursuit of holy simplicity. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. The Shakers. They were initially known as "Shaking Quakers" because of their ecstatic behavior during worship services. Transcendentalism greatly influenced modern American Literature. (New York, 1963). Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. "Shakers James Oglethorpe and Georgia- founders were a group of unpaid trustees led by general James Oglethorp, member of parliament and military hero. Members of the American religious group the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing were popularly called Shakers. Stein, Stephen J. . Paine claimed that churches were “set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.” These thoughts were shocking to Americans who were imbued with a strong religious tradition. History. : University of Massachusetts Press, 1971. Gloucester, Mass. ." The goals were separation from unbelievers, a simple and harmonious life, and equality of men and women. Kern, Louis J. Amana Inspirationists saw labor as productive and good, part of God's plan of contributing to the community. "Separate sphere" was a term describing the role of women in public life. 24 Feb. 2021 . The "Shakers Encyclopedia of the New American Nation. ." Smith established the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. East Canterbury, N.H., 1899. . Arthur Brisbane was Fourier's leading disciple in America. He justified polygamy and hoped for a society that would inspire moral perfection. Lucy Wright (1796–1821)—developed an institutional structure for less antagonistic relations with society. "&43'Try the Spirits': Shaker Responses to Supernaturalism." Learn more about Protestantism in this article. Today, you can learn about the past of the Shaker movement at locations like the Shaker Village of Pleasant Hill in Harrodsburg, Kentucky which has been turned into a living history museum. r. b. taylor, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, ed. Individualism was a belief in freedom of Americans from traditional constraints. In 1774 eight members left for America. In 1758 she joined a religious society formed by two dissenting Quakers, James and Jane Wardley. Smith wrote the Book of Mormon in 1830. https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/shakers, MICHAEL KENNEDY and JOYCE BOURNE "Shakers Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. John Humphrey Noyes was born in Brattleboro, Vermont, on 3 September 1811. The Shakers, formally called the United Society of Believers in Christ ’ s Second Appearing, were a small but prominent religious order whose communitarian lifestyle and practice of celibacy drew both harsh criticism and extensive praise from nineteenth-century Americans. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. An additional layer of elders (two men, two women) led the community and reported to the elders at the lead ministry in New Lebanon, New York. Perry, Lewis "Shakers Christ’s spirit would come to reside in all who lived in harmony and abstained from sin. CULTURAL. Protestantism, movement that began in northern Europe in the early 16th century as a reaction to medieval Roman Catholic doctrines and practices. Andrews is excellent on Shaker material culture, especially furniture and crafts, but weaker on religious motivation. Autobiography of a Shaker. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Extraordinary Groups. Behaving in accordance with these values is seen as the route to salvation. Description. Men and women worked and ate separately, and all goods and chores were shared equally. . © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. A village erected in the 1780s on a mountainside overlooking New Lebanon, New York, became the movement's headquarters. ed. any of various containers for shaking … Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Baltimore, Md. An Ordered Love: Sex Roles and Sexuality in Victorian Utopias—The Shakers, the Mormons, and the Oneida Community. . The Shakers, formally called the United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing, were a small but prominent religious order whose communitarian lifestyle and practice of celibacy drew both harsh criticism and extensive praise from nineteenth-century Americans. Dictionary of American History. The People Called Shakers: A Search for the Perfect Society. Uncle Tom's Cabin was a novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852. By 1825 there were about six thousand people living in Shaker villages. By 1905, however, the membership had dwindled to less than 1,000; in the 1950s there were fewer than 29 members, and by the 1960s the sect was practically extinct. CULTURAL. Elders appointed their successors. Bloomers were similar to hippies in that they, too, were seen as radical young adults who believed in freedom. Between 1837 and 1847, in an early manifestation of the Spiritualist craze that overtook the nation after 1848, public seances became an important part of Shaker religious life. The Shakers were the first successful American communal movement. Transcendentalism was an intellectual movement rooted in the religious soil of New England. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/shakers, "Shakers Encyclopedia.com. The Mormons started out as a small sect that was repeatedly persecuted and forced off the land they had settled. . The Shakers believed that God had a male and female component. h. c. desroches, Les Shakers américains (Paris 1955). However, revitalization proved to be disruptive for the Shakers. Read Chapters 11-15; For all chapter terms: Chapter Terms should be done in the following format. CULTURAL. In the final phase (1848 to 1875), the Shaker societies began to lose members and found it increasingly difficult to recruit new ones, particularly males. This amendment, however, did not become the law until 14 years after her death. James Fenimore Cooper. However, the date of retrieval is often important. They were whipped, beaten, and accused of witchcraft. Although Shakers lived in their own communities in the form of large farms with multiple buildings and considerable acreage, did not vote, and were pacifists, they did not live totally outside mainstream society. ... Shakers: Definition. On a practical level celibacy seemed a highly unusual practice for a religious group that clearly desired to increase its numbers—leading to accusations that the Shakers abducted children for this purpose. Ralph Waldo Emerson was one of the forerunners of the transcendentalist movement. Retrieved February 24, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/shakers. Retrieved February 24, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/shakers. ." https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/shakers, Foster, Lawrence "Shakers As they began to draw American converts, "Mother Ann" Lee's prophecies and teachings set the rules and defined the goals of life within the United Society. 1905. CULTURAL. (February 24, 2021). . -Shakers-men, women separate-Amana Settlements similar, allowed marriage-New Harmony-secular-founder Robert Owen-socialist society, correct faults of Industrial Revolution-Oneida Community-equality, members share everything-sinful because of free love-Fourier Phalanxes-interest in philosophy of Charles Fourier, communal society CULTURAL. Men and women lived together in celibacy with common ownership of property. . N/A. For the large part, they should stay at home. Although equality between the sexes was stressed, the actual day-to-day work of the communities was divided on traditional sexual lines. Some, such as the sale of seeds in packages, a Shaker innovation, were highly successful. These plays also made fun of immigrants, the demand for women's rights, and the arrogance of the upper class. . Individualists encouraged everyone to be unique and to resist conformity. Shaker religious beliefs are essentially fundamental Christianity, although there are some clearly unique beliefs that deviate from the main branches of Christianity and other sects. 24 Feb. 2021 . POLITICAL. Stanton helped organize the Seneca Falls meeting and founded the National Women's Suffrage Association. Quakers are followers of a religious movement that began as an offshoot of Christianity in 17th century England. . . Speaking in tongues and falling into trances were also common in Shaker meetings. CULTURAL. (February 24, 2021). Dorothea Dix went around reforming institutions. Aplenty definition is - being in plenty or abundance —used postpositively. Abolitionist Mobs were violent mobs made up of white workers. Young became governor of the new Utah Territory, but was removed from the position by President Buchanan after pressure from the Protestants. In fact, Shakers were often the first in their region to use electricity and telephones, often owned cars, trucks, and tractors for community use, and today use televisions, computers, and other modern conveniences. York to New England and with the Second Awakening into Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana (see great awaken ing). (February 24, 2021). . Seneca Falls, New York, was the location of the first women's rights convention in 1848. The formation of the Federal Society of Journeymen Cordwainers (shoemakers) in Philadelphia in 1794 marks … Kephart, William M. (1987). Encyclopedia.com. Ralph Waldo Emerson. Millennialism, the belief that Christ will establish a 1,000-year reign of the saints on earth before the Last Judgment. By 1800, eleven settlements with sixteen hundred members were functioning in New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Maine. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980. In 1774, after visions and inspired revelations, she moved to America with a handful of followers. The two American converts who followed Mother Ann as Lead Elder—Joseph Meacham (1787–1796) and. The Underground Railroad was established by Harriet Tubman and spread to the north. . SHAKERS . Under her leadership the meetings of the group in England were characterized by shaking, whirling, shouting, prophesying, dancing, and singing in strange tongues. ." He had a conversion experie…, It would seem at first sight that the study of utopianism is not the study of a really delimited subject: the range of the words “utopia” and “Utopia…, UTOPIA . https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/shakers, "Shakers Mother Lee taught that since Adam and Eve as male and female are essentially made in the image of God, God must exist as the Father and Mother. Garrison's paper, The Liberator, was widely read. She also aroused public support and helped expand many state hospitals and improve prisons. ." POLITICAL. The most prominent mid-nineteenth century Shaker leader, Elder Frederick Evans, had been a radical New York labor leader before he was converted by a series of nightly visitations by angels. People began searching for an ideal partner and dressing in the latest fashion to attract others. The Underground Railroad was a network for slaves to escape to freedom. CULTURAL. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/shakers, "Shakers A second wave of expansion, inspired by the Kentucky Revival and drawing heavily on the indefatigable Richard McNemar, a new light Presbyterian minister who converted to Shakerism, led to the establishment of seven additional settlements, in Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana, by 1826. "Shakers New York: Oxford University Press, 1953. Evans, Frederick W. Shakers and Shakerism. At the age of 22 she joined a sect known as the Shaking Quakers, or Shakers, Encyclopedia of Religion. Popular nostalgia converted the once-persecuted Shakers into a charming sect. Richmond lists the major repositories at which each printed item may be found. Espousing egalitarian ideals, women took on spiritual leadership roles alongside men, including founding leaders such as Jan… Shaker life is centered on a number of core beliefs and values, including a belief in the second coming of Christ, communal living, celibacy, humility, simplicity, efficiency, hard work, and equality between the sexes. They believed that Christ had returned to earth in spirit to begin the thousand years of peace and harmony known as the millennium. The most characteristic behavior of the Shakers, from which their popular name derived, was an ecstatic dance. Sexual relations were prohibited and men and women lived in strictly enforced separation. The Shakers started in England as an outgrowth of the Quaker religion in the middle of the eighteenth century. Holloway, Emory. "Shakers 2828 days since APUSH Exam. The Mormons were much more conservative and successful. New York: Crescent Books. "Shakers 3rd ed. As the number of male Shakers decreased over time, female manufactures began to be a major source of income. ." Sin had entered the world, according to Lee, when Adam and Eve had sexual knowledge of each other. Since that time Shakerism has steadily declined, and today there are only twelve Shakers left, residing at the two communities in Canterbury, New Hampshire, and Sabbathday Lake, Maine. Located in the Virginia Colony the main interest of the settlers at first was to find precious metals and stones, but later moved to tobacco farming after John Rolfe introduced tobacco in 1612. Suspicion from Outside. POLITICAL. Noyes had experienced a religious conversion ... Shakers. Fuller believed that women deserved independence just as much as men. . Numerous foreign visitors, as well as such notable American tourists as Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville, visited Shaker villages and wrote accounts of their remarkable industry and prosperity, the apparent contentment of their members, and the well-tended appearance of their houses and gardens. Men and women participated together in highly emotional services that placed great importance on music and dancing. Communal Lifestyle. Eventually, however, most of the mediums left the Shakers, and after 1850 Shaker membership in general began to decline rapidly. Nathaniel Hawthorne was a more pessimistic transcendentalist writer. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Wells (Hancock, Mass., 1816). During this phase members conducted seances, made spirit drawings and paintings, and created songs and poems to exalt Mother Ann Lee's mission. Hundreds of Shaker songs composed during the nineteenth century still survive. Shaker songs, furniture, and recipes became American favorites. [Evans, Frederick W.]. Transcendentalists turned to the romantics in Europe for inspiration. Each village was presided over by groups of elders, both male and female, who dealt with the outside world and carefully regulated both work and leisure within the community in an effort to keep people from tiring at any one task. Bibliography: m. f. melcher, The Shaker Adventure (Princeton 1941). CULTURAL. SHAKERS. Title. Mormons are a religious group that embrace concepts of Christianity as well as revelations made by their founder, Joseph Smith. The nickname Shaking Quaker, or Shaker, was applied to the movement because of its unstructured and highly emotional services, during which members sang, shouted, danced, spoke in tongues, and literally shook with emotion. 237. Brigham Young was Joseph Smith's successor. The term utopia (from the Greek ou-topos, "no place," or eutopos, "good place," and evidently coined as a pun by Thomas More for the title o…, Communalism is the name for sets of social movements and theories (religious, social, and political). The Shakers were known for their neat, well-planned, and successful villages; their functional architecture, simple furniture, and fine crafts; their distinctive songs, dances, and rituals; and their ingenuity in agriculture and mechanical invention. These crusades were led by Christians in the North and Midwest. Some social scientists suggest that these services provided an emotional outlet for the Shakers who otherwise lived an austere life. American Eras. "Shakers Shaker villages became widely known for their industry and inventiveness, and simple, elegant furniture based on Shaker designs is still highly valued today. They originally had functioned informally as an orphanage in many areas, but the creation of a system of government and church-sponsored orphanages had a significant impact on the movement's development. Encyclopedia of Religion. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Many Transcendentalists believed in the importance of nature and degraded materialism. Retrieved February 24, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/shakers. During the third phase (1803–1837), the Shakers moved westward, establishing colonies in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky under the guidance and direction of the central ministry at Watervliet. In 1854 Thoreau published his book, Walden, which was about his time spent living in isolation and his different feelings on society. (1787), is considered the mother community. Encyclopedia.com. Public confession was the key to regenerate life; celibacy, its rule and cross. Smith claimed that the Book of Mormon was a translation from a gold plate that an angel named Moroni showed him. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. A shorter and more accessible treatment is Calvin Green and Seth Y. Party leadership, committee leaders, or people with influence among certain demographics can all be considered movers and shakers. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/shakers, Perry, Lewis "Shakers Although the Shakers have largely disappeared, the Shaker way of life remains part of the American scene, primarily through Shaker museums, restored Shaker communities open to tourists, Shaker manufactures such as chairs and oval boxes which command prices of over $100,000 in the antiquities market, and Shaker songs such as "The Gift to Be Simple.". ." Pennsylvania Folklife 39:57-72. Encyclopedia.com. Taylor, Michael Brooks. Emissaries supervised the "gathering" of new communities in hill country regions of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine. Although not free from persecution in the New World either, Mother Lee was able to attract loyal followers who spread the gospel in New England, the Midwest, and the South. The Shakers provide another example of a community established with a religious mission. Encyclopedia.com. New York, 1859. (February 24, 2021). Encyclopedia.com. After a brief stay in New York City, Lee and her small band went north to Albany. The movement emphasizes equal, inward access to … Strict Shakers believed in absolute celibacy. Sex began to be commercialized in this time period as prostitution became popular. Definition. As more companies and professions begin to use Shaker's Virtual Job Tryout during the hiring process, it's essential that you begin to get acquainted with this assessment. Foster, Lawrence "Shakers a container with a perforated top from which a seasoning, condiment, sugar, flour, or the like is shaken onto food.

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