Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP "Rudolf II" redirects here. Rudolf died in 1612, nine months after he had been stripped of all effective power by his younger brother, except the empty title of Holy Roman Emperor, to which Matthias was elected five months later. The Bohemian Protestants then appealed to Matthias for help; Matthias' army then held Rudolf prisoner in his castle in Prague, until 1611, when Rudolf ceded the crown of Bohemia to his brother. A lion and a tiger were allowed to roam the castle, documented by the account books which record compensation paid to survivors of attacks, or to family members of victims. He was known as the puer Apuliae (son of Apulia). Rudolf II, 1552–1612, Holy Roman emperor (1576–1612), king of Bohemia (1575–1611) and of Hungary (1572–1608), son and successor of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II Maximil Rudolf II (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608). His lifelong quest was to find the Philosopher's Stone and Rudolf spared no expense in bringing Europe's best alchemists to court, such as Edward Kelley and John Dee. Rudolf II, Holy Roman emperor from 1576 to 1612. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rudolf-II-Holy-Roman-emperor, The Metropolitan Museum of Arts - Prague during the Rule of Rudolf II. Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor. Rudolf II by the grace of God elected Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King in Germany, of Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, etc. Completed in 1567 by Alonso Sanchez Coello, the portrait depicted Rudolf II at the age of 15. Rudolf is also the ruler in many of the legends of the Golem of Prague, either because of, or simply adding to, his occult reputation. Definitions of Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor, synonyms, antonyms, derivatives of Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor, analogical dictionary of Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (English) Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, 1552-1612 Sources found : Rudolʹfint︠s︡y, 1996: p. 3 (Rudolʹfa II--cheshskogo koroli︠a︡ i imperatora Svi︠a︡shchennoĭ Rimskoĭ … The collection remaining at Prague was looted during the last year of the Thirty Years War, by Swedish troops who sacked Prague Castle on 26 July 1648, also taking the best of the paintings, many of which later passed to the Orléans Collection after the death of Christina of Sweden. Alchemical table bell of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, by Hans Bulla, Prague, c. 1600, gilded metal alloy (electrum), iron - Metropolitan Museum of Art - New York City - DSC07004.jpg 2,543 × 3,172; 4.23 MB He was a member of the House of Habsburg. Biography Family. His ill health and unpopularity prevented him from restraining the religious dissensions that eventually led to the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48). Rudolf II (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608). Corrections? Rudolf II (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608). After his return to Vienna, his father was concerned about Rudolf's aloof and stiff manner, typical of the more conservative Spanish court, rather than the more relaxed and open Austrian court; but his Spanish mother saw in him courtliness and refinement. He was a member of the House of Habsburg.. Rudolf's legacy has traditionally been viewed in three ways: an ineffectual ruler whose mistakes led directly to … Some 50 years after its establishment, most of the collection was packed into wooden crates and moved to Vienna. Although raised in his uncle's Catholic court in Spain, Rudolf was tolerant of Protestantism and other religions including Judaism. Rudolf II … Between ages 11-19, Rudolf lived in Spain at the court of his uncle, Philip II of Spain, and returned to Vienna with a Spanish demeanor which pleased … He lived in Southern Italy until 1235, when he first visited the Kingdom of Germany. He travelled widely on collecting trips to the mining regions of Germany, Bohemia and Silesia, often accompanied by his Bohemian naturalist friend, Thaddaeus Hagecius. January 20, 1612: Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, died nine months af... ter he had been stripped of all effective power by his younger brother, except the empty title of Holy Roman Emperor. Rudolf condemned his son's act and suggested that he should be imprisoned for the rest of his life. Rudolf II (18th of July, 1552-20th of January, 1612) was the "Holy" "Roman" ""Emperor"" during the buildup to the 30 Years War. Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Luxemburg, Württemberg, the Upper and Lower Silesia, Prince of Swabia, Margrave of the Holy Roman Empire, Burgau, Moravia, the Upper and Lower Lusatia, Princely Count of Habsburg, Tyrol, Ferrette, Kyburg, Gorizia, Landgrave of Alsace, Lord of the Wendish March, Pordenone and Salins, etc. 20 January 1612: Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, died On 18 July 15... 52, Rudolf was born to the future Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, and Maria of Spain. He was an intelligent man with interests in mathematics, science and alchemy, but he sufferend from dark moods and uncontrollable rages that worsened over time. Between 1583–1611 Prague was the official seat of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and his court. The emperor was the subject of a whispering campaign by his enemies in his family and the Church in the years before he was deposed. He patronized natural philosophers such as the botanist Charles de l'Ecluse, and the astronomers Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler both attended his court. He was more intrigued by occult learning such as astrology and alchemy, which was mainstream in the Renaissance period, and had a wide variety of personal hobbies such as horses, clocks, collecting rarities, and being a patron of the arts. Large uncut gemstones were held in strong boxes. 137 relations. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. His ill health and unpopularity prevented him from restraining the religious dissensions that eventually led to the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48). Matthias was born in the Austrian capital of Vienna as the fourth son of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria of Spain.His brothers were Rudolf (who became Emperor Rudolf II), Ernest of Austria, Maximilian (from 1585 Grand Master of the Teutonic Order), Albrecht (archbishop of Toledo, later governor of the Netherlands) and Wenceslaus … He was the eldest son of Emperor Frederick II and Matilda of Swabia. Tycho Brahe developed the Rudolfine tables (finished by Kepler, after Brahe's death), the first comprehensive table of data of the movements of the planets. Rudolf was even alleged by one person to have owned the Voynich manuscript, a codex whose author and purpose, as well as the language and script and posited cipher remain unidentified to this day. Rudolf was born in Vienna on 18 July 1552. The Imperial Crown of the Habsburg Empire of Austria was never used for a coronation, since, unlike the Holy Roman Empire, it was a hereditary monarchy and such an act of legitimization was not seen as necessary. Like his contemporary, Elizabeth I of England, Rudolf dangled himself as a prize in a string of diplomatic negotiations for marriages, but never in fact married. The collection became an invaluable research tool during the flowering of 17th-century European philosophy, the "Age of Reason". His conflict with the Ottoman Empire was the final cause of his undoing. He was a member of the House of Habsburg. One of the surviving items from the Kunstkammer is a "fine chair" looted by the Swedes in 1648 and now owned by the Earl of Radnor at Longford Castle, United Kingdom; others survive in museums. For other uses, see Rudolph II (disambiguation) . Many artworks commissioned by Rudolf are unusually erotic. During this period his kingdom o… He was a member of the House of Habsburg.. Rudolf's legacy has traditionally been viewed in three ways: an ineffectual ruler whose mistakes led directly to … During his periods of self-imposed isolation, Rudolf reportedly had affairs with his court chamberlain, Wolfgang von Rumpf, and a series of valets. Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608). According to hearsay passed on in a letter written by Johannes Marcus Marci in 1665, Rudolf was said to have acquired the manuscript at some unspecified time for 600 gold ducats. Rather, the Rudolfine Kunstkammer was systematically arranged in an encyclopaedic fashion. In Austria Rudolf reversed Maximilian II’s tolerant religious policy and sought to limit the political privileges of the Protestant Estates (the nobles and representatives of the towns). He commissioned decorative objects of all kinds and in particular mechanical moving devices. They had direct contact with the court astronomers and, through the financial support of the court, they were economically independent to develop scientific instruments and manufacturing techniques. Rudolf II von Habsburg was born 18 July 1552 to Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (1527-1576) and Maria of Spain (1528-1603) and died 20 January 1612 of unspecified causes. His parents were first cousins, and he was their eldest son. Maximilian's son, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor was to prove an even better patron than his father would have been, and Spranger never left his service. He spared no expense in acquiring great past masterworks, such as those of Dürer and Brueghel. he was a weak ruler who caved into the superior Hussites' demands. His righ… In 1607, Rudolf sent Julius to live at ?eský Krumlov in Bohemia (in the modern-day Czech Republic) castle, which Rudolf purchased from the last of the House of Rosenberg (Peter Vok/Wok von Rosenberg) after he fell into financial ruin. etc. As was typical of the time, Rudolf II had a portrait painted in the studio of the renowned Alonso Sanchez Coello. Rudolf's love of collecting went far beyond paintings and sculptures. Author. He was a member of the House of Habsburg.. Rudolf's legacy has traditionally been viewed in three ways: an ineffectual ruler whose mistakes led directly to … Like all of the Habsburgs from the late 16th century to the late 17th century, he had a deformed facial appearance and a large jaw due to inbreeding among the family members. "Rudolf II" redirects here. The Imperial Crown of Emperor Rudolf II . Two years later Rudolf was forced to cede Hungary, Austria, and Moravia to Matthias and to promise him the succession in Bohemia. Rudolf loved collecting paintings, and was often reported to sit and stare in rapture at a new work for hours on end. He succeeded his father as emperor and as archduke of Austria (as Rudolf V) on October 12, 1576. The Emperor Rudolf II of Austria (1552-1612) is sometimes called "The Mad Alchemist". Rudolf I (1 May 1218 – 15 July 1291) was the first king of Germany from the House of Habsburg. Some chronicles say that his mother, the forty-year-old Constance, gave birth to him in a public square in order to forestall any doubt about his origin. Membership: Holy Roman Empire Association, Charter of the Holy Roman Empire Association, Heraldic Council of the Holy Roman Empire, Court of Nobility of the Holy Roman Empire, Council of the Holy Roman Empire Association, Free Imperial Cities of the Holy Roman Empire, Imperial immediacy of the Holy Roman Empire, Imperial Household of the Holy Roman Emperor, Powers and Titles of the Holy Roman Emperor, Order of the Ancient Nobility of the Four Emperors, Order of the Defeated Dragon - Ordo Draconum, Association of the Counts Arundell of Wardour, Jesus Christ - Jesus of Nazareth - Son of God, Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg, Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV of Luxemburg, Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV of Wittelsbach, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII of Luxemburg, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. Born in Iesi, near Ancona, Italy, Frederick was the son of the emperor Henry VI. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Rudolf II (July 18, 1552, Vienna, Austria - January 20, 1612, Prague, Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic) was King of Hungary (as Rudolf, 1572-1608), King of Bohemia (as Rudolf II, 1575-1608/1611), Archduke of Austria (as Rudolf V, 1576-1608), and Holy Roman Emperor (as Rudolf II, … During the first 20 years of his rule disputes between Roman Catholic and Protestant factions crippled the political institutions of the empire. By his father, Rudolf was the grandson of the Hohenstaufen emperor Henry VI and great-grandson of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. Occult sciencesAstrology and alchemy were regarded as mainstream scientific fields in Renaissance Prague, and Rudolf was a firm devotee of both. The eldest surviving son of the emperor Maximilian II and Maria, who was the daughter of the emperor However, Julius died in 1609 after showing signs of schizophrenia, refusing to bathe, and living in squalor; his death was apparently caused by an ulcer that ruptured. In May 1618 with the event known as the Defenestration of Prague, the Protestant Bohemians, in defence of the rights granted them in the Letter of Majesty, began the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). For other uses, see Rudolph II (disambiguation). Historians have traditionally blamed Rudolf's preoccupation with the arts, occult sciences, and other personal interests as the reason for the political disasters of his reign. Rudolf kept a menagerie of exotic animals, botanical gardens, and Europe's most extensive "cabinet of curiosities" (Kunstkammer) incorporating "the three kingdoms of nature and the works of man". Omissions? This painting can be seen at the Lobkowicz Palace in the Rozmberk room. In 1196 at Frankfurt am Main the infant Frederick was elected King of the Germans. Ceremonial swords and musical instruments, clocks, water works, astrolabes, compasses, telescopes and other scientific instruments, were all produced for him by some of the best craftsmen in Europe. Rudolf moved the Habsburg capital from Vienna to Prague in 1583. It was housed at Prague Castle, where between 1587 and 1605 he built the northern wing to house his growing collections. "Rudolf II" redirects here. When Rudolf was a prince, Nostradamus prepared a horoscope which was dedicated to him as 'Prince and King'. Rudolf II (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608). He suffered from periodic bouts of "melancholy" (depression), which was common in the Habsburg line. In 1782, the remainder of the collection was sold piecemeal to private parties by Joseph II. Exact Title Match Include Uniform Titles. He was the eldest son and successor of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, and King of Hungary and Croatia; his mother was Maria of Spain, a daughter of Charles V and Isabella of Portugal. Rudolf's collections were the most impressive in the Europe of his day, and the greatest collection of Northern Mannerist art ever assembled. Rudolf even performed his own experiments in a private alchemy laboratory. Naturalia (minerals and gemstones) were arranged in a 37 cabinet display that had three vaulted chambers in front, each about 5.5 metres wide by 3 metres high and 60 metres long, connected to a main chamber 33 metres long. Rudolf spent eight formative years, from age 11 to 19 (1563–1571), in Spain, at the court of his maternal uncle Phillip II. Rudolf II (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608). As mentioned before, Rudolf also attracted some of the best scientific instrument makers of the time, such as Jost Buergi, Erasmus Habermel and Hans Christoph Schissler. Rudolf would remain for the rest of his life reserved, secretive, and largely a homebody who did not like to travel or even partake in the daily affairs of state. Described by a noted contemporary as “the greatest art patron in the world,” Rudolf II Habsburg (1552–1612), king of Hungary and Bohemia, and Holy Roman Emperor, raised court patronage in post-Renaissance Europe to a new level of breadth and extravagance.The thriving city and era over which he reigned, from 1583 until his death twenty-nine years later, is known as … In 1606 they recognized Matthias as their head and as their candidate for Rudolf’s succession. Julius lived at ?eský Krumlov when in 1608 he reportedly abused and murdered the daughter of a local barber, who had been living in the castle, and then disfigured her body. So Rudolf prepared to start a new war with the Turks. Rudolf II, (born July 18, 1552, Vienna, Habsburg domain [now in Austria]—died January 20, 1612, Prague, Bohemia [now in Czech Republic]), Holy Roman emperor from 1576 to 1612. The son of Emperor Maximilian II and Maria of Spain, his "legacy has traditionally been viewed in three ways: an ineffectual ruler whose mistakes led directly to the Thirty Years' War; … The adjective Rudolfine, as in "Rudolfine Mannerism" is often used in art history to describe the style of the art he patronized. He died unmarried. De Boodt was an avid mineral collector. Although Rudolf prevented Matthias’ preliminary election as king of the Romans (successor-designate to the empire), Matthias gained the imperial throne five months after Rudolf’s death. Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II - 1576-1612. The Imperial Crown of Austria (German: Österreichische Kaiserkrone) was made in 1602 in Prague by Jan Vermeyen as the personal crown of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, and therefore is also known as the Crown of Emperor Rudolf II (German: Rudolfskrone). He was a member of the House of Habsburg. Rudolf II (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608). One of these, Philip Lang, ruled him for years and was hated by those seeking favour with the emperor. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. More recently historians have re-evaluated this view and see his patronage of the arts and occult sciences as a triumph and key part of the Renaissance, while his political failures are seen as a legitimate attempt to create a unified Christian empire, which was undermined by the realities of religious, political and intellectual disintegrations of the time. By 1604 his Hungarian subjects were exhausted by the war and revolted, led by Stephen Bocskay. By 1597, the collection occupied three rooms of the incomplete northern wing. In 1605 Rudolf was forced by his other family members to cede control of Hungarian affairs to his younger brother Archduke Matthias. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Maximilian’s successor as Holy Roman emperor and as archduke of Austria, his son. Rudolf gave Prague a mystical reputation that persists in part to this day, with Alchemists' Alley on the grounds of Prague Castle a popular visiting place and tourist attraction. The eldest surviving son of the emperor Maximilian II and Maria, who was the daughter of the emperor Charles V, Rudolf was crowned king of Hungary in 1572 (as Rudolf) and of Bohemia in 1575 (as Rudolf II). In addition, Rudolf was known to have had a succession of affairs with women, some of whom claimed to have been impregnated by him. Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, the diurnal South-western quadrant, consisting of the 7th, 8th and 9th houses, prevails in your chart: this sector brings about a thirst for communication and sometimes a need to take risks in your dealings with others. He was the eldest son and successor of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, and King of Hungary and Croatia; his mother was Maria of Spain, a daughter of Charles V and Isabella of Portugal.. Rudolf spent eight formative years, from age 11 to 19 (1563–1571), in Spain, at the court of his maternal uncle Phillip II. Rudolf I was born on 1 May 1226 at Limburgh Castle near Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl in the Breisgau region of present-day southwestern Germany. Their eldest son, Don Julius Caesar d'Austria, was likely born between 1584 and 1586 and received an education and opportunities for political and social prominence from his father. Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor. Sexual allegations may well have formed a part of the campaign against him. Royalties similar to or like Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor. Matthias by 1606 forged a difficult peace with the Hungarian rebels (Peace of Vienna) and the Turks (Peace of Zsitvatorok). The first of the count-kings of Germany, he reigned from 1273 until his death. When the papacy instigated the Counter-Reformation, using agents sent to his court, Rudolf backed those who he thought were the most neutral in the debate, not taking a side or trying to effect restraint, thus leading to political chaos and threatening to provoke civil war. In addition, Rudolf II employed his polyglot court physician, Anselmus Boetius de Boodt (c. 1550–1632), to curate the collection. When mutinous imperial troops under the archduke Leopold ravaged Bohemia with Rudolf ’s support in 1611, the Bohemian Estates sought help from Matthias, whose army virtually held Rudolf prisoner in Prague until he yielded Bohemia to Matthias in May. Frederick was baptised in Assisi. She had great influence over her sons, the future emperors Rudolf and Matthias. Between 1607 and 1611, de Boodt catalogued the Kunstkammer, and in 1609 he published Gemmarum et Lapidum, one of the finest mineralogical treatises of the 17th century. It has been proposed by A. L. Rowse that he was homosexual. The emperor’s mental instability grew worse after 1598, and in 1605 the Habsburg archdukes, long dissatisfied with his political incompetence, compelled him to entrust the conduct of Hungarian affairs to his brother Matthias. As was customary at the time, the collection was private, but friends of the Emperor, artists, and professional scholars were allowed to study it. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Rudolf's Kunstkammer was not a typical "cabinet of curiosities" - a haphazard collection of unrelated specimens. Rudolf II (July 18, 1552 - January 20, 1612), Holy Roman Emperor as Rudolf II (1576-1612), King of Hungary as Rudolf (1572-1608), King of Bohemia as Rudolf II (1575-1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria as Rudolf V (1576-1608). Notable ancestors includeCharlemagne (747-814), Alfred the Great (849-899), Henry II of England (1133-1189), William I of England (1027-1087), Hugh Capet (c940-996). But Matthias rallied support from the disaffected Hungarians and forced Rudolf to cede the crowns of Hungary, Austria, and Moravia to him. Rudolf was born in Vienna on 18 July 1552. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. For other uses, see Rudolph II (disambiguation). Updates? He was a member of the House of Habsburg.. Rudolf's legacy has traditionally been viewed in three ways: an ineffectual ruler whose mistakes led directly to … Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Relations are a factor of your evolution and your transformation, which you accept serenely. He largely withdrew from Catholic observances, even in death denying last sacramental rites. Unwilling to compromise with the Turks, and stubbornly determined that he could unify all of Christendom with a new Crusade, he started a long and indecisive war with the Turks in 1593. At the same time, seeing a moment of royal weakness, Bohemian Protestants demanded greater religious liberty, which Rudolf granted in the Letter of Majesty in 1609. This war lasted till 1606, and was known as "The Long War". Rudolph II Grace of God Roman Emperor. The Bohemians continued to press for further freedoms, and Rudolf used his army to repress them. Rudolf II (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608). He had little attachment to Protestants either, except as counter-weight to repressive Papal policies. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Croatia, King of Bohemia and Archduke of Austria (1552-1612) Rudolf was angry with his brother's concessions, which he saw as giving away too much in order to further Matthias' hold on power. Rudolf II (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608). He put his primary support behind conciliarists, irenicists, and humanists. He was also patron to some of the best contemporary artists, who mainly produced new works in the Northern Mannerist style, such as Bartholomeus Spranger, Hans von Aachen, Giambologna, Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Aegidius Sadeler, Roelant Savery, and Adrian de Vries, as well as commissioning works from Italians like Veronese. These became worse with age, and were manifested by a withdrawal from the world and its affairs into his private interests. Include Alias Names Subject to fits of severe depression, Rudolf soon retired to Prague, where he lived in seclusion, dabbling in the arts and sciences. No evidence in support of this single piece of hearsay has ever been discovered. Ancestors are fromAustria, … He had several illegitimate children with his mistress Catherina Strada. When building was completed in 1605, the collection was moved to the dedicated Kunstkammer. Rudolf's successors did not appreciate the collection and the Kunstkammer gradually fell into disarray. Rudolf's legacy has traditionally been viewed in three ways: an ineffectual ruler whose mistakes led directly to the Thirty Years' War; a great and influential patron of Northern Mannerist art; and a devotee of occult arts and learning which helped seed the scientific revolution.

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